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Independent Submission F. Gont
Request for Comments: 7943 SI6 Networks / UTN-FRH
Category: Informational W. Liu
ISSN: 2070-1721 Huawei Technologies
September 2016
A Method for Generating Semantically Opaque Interface Identifiers (IIDs)
with the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)
Abstract
This document describes a method for selecting IPv6 Interface
Identifiers that can be employed by Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6) servers when leasing non-temporary IPv6
addresses to DHCPv6 clients. This method is a DHCPv6 server-side
algorithm that does not require any updates to the existing DHCPv6
specifications. The aforementioned method results in stable
addresses within each subnet, even in the presence of multiple DHCPv6
servers or DHCPv6 server reinstallments. It is a DHCPv6 variant of
the method specified in RFC 7217 for IPv6 Stateless Address
Autoconfiguration.
IESG Note
A predecessor to this document was earlier a working group document
in the DHC WG. The WG decided to stop further work in this area
because such work was not considered useful.
The proposal described in this document has an unaddressed failure
case that makes it unsuitable for use as the mechanism to provide the
claimed failover features for DHCPv6 servers. Specifically, when a
DHCPv6 client DECLINEs a provided address there is no recovery
mechanism described that will result in the DHCPv6 client obtaining a
working IPv6 address.
Gont & Liu Informational [Page 1]
RFC 7943 Stable and Opaque IIDs with DHCPv6 September 2016 Status of This Memo This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is published for informational purposes. This is a contribution to the RFC Series, independently of any other RFC stream. The RFC Editor has chosen to publish this document at its discretion and makes no statement about its value for implementation or deployment. Documents approved for publication by the RFC Editor are not a candidate for any level of Internet Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 7841. Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7943. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Applicability and Design Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. Method Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Gont & Liu Informational [Page 2]
RFC 7943 Stable and Opaque IIDs with DHCPv6 September 2016 1. Introduction The benefits of stable IPv6 addresses are discussed in [RFC7721]. Providing address stability across server reinstallations or when a database of previous DHCPv6 address leases is unavailable is of use not only when a DHCPv6 server must be reinstalled or the address- lease database becomes corrupted, but is also of use when implementation constraints (e.g., a DHCPv6 server implementation on an embedded device) make it impossible for a DHCPv6 server implementation to maintain a database of previous DHCPv6 address leases. Additionally, [RFC7031] describes scenarios where multiple DHCPv6 servers are required to run in such a way as to provide increased availability in case of server failures. This document describes a method for selecting IPv6 Interface Identifiers that can be employed by DHCPv6 servers when leasing non- temporary IPv6 addresses to DHCPv6 clients (i.e., to be employed with IA_NA options). This method is a DHCPv6 server-side algorithm that does not require any updates to the existing DHCPv6 specifications. The aforementioned method has the following properties: o The resulting IPv6 addresses remain stable within each subnet for the same network interface of the same client, even when different DHCPv6 servers (implementing this specification) are employed. o Predicting the IPv6 addresses that will be generated by the method specified in this document, even with knowledge of the IPv6 addresses generated for other nodes within the same network, becomes very difficult. The method specified in this document achieves the aforementioned properties by means of a calculated technique as opposed to, e.g., state sharing among DHCPv6 servers. This approach has already been suggested in [RFC7031]. We note that the method described in this document is essentially a DHCPv6 version of the "Method for Generating Semantically Opaque Interface Identifiers with IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC)" specified in [RFC7217]. 2. Applicability and Design Goals This document simply describes one possible approach for selecting IPv6 Interface Identifiers to be employed by DHCPv6 servers when leasing non-temporary IPv6 addresses to DHCPv6 clients, with the following properties: o The resulting IPv6 addresses remain stable within each subnet for the same network interface of the same client. Gont & Liu Informational [Page 3]
RFC 7943 Stable and Opaque IIDs with DHCPv6 September 2016 o The resulting IPv6 addresses cannot be predicted by an attacker without knowledge of a secret key. o The resulting IPv6 addresses remain stable across DHCPv6 server reinstallations, or even if a database of previous DHCPv6 address leases is not available. o The resulting IPv6 addresses remain stable when different DHCPv6 servers (implementing this specification) are employed on the same network. We note that the algorithm specified in this document employs a (lightweight) calculated technique (as opposed to, e.g., state sharing among DHCPv6 servers) to achieve address stability in scenarios where multiple DHCPv6 servers are required to run in such a way as to provide increased availability, without the need of an additional protocol to synchronize the lease databases of DHCPv6 servers. Finally, we note that the algorithm in this document is only meant to mitigate IPv6 address-based location tracking, device-specific vulnerability exploitation, and host scanning (please see [RFC7721]). There are a number of ways in which DHCPv6 affects user privacy, which the algorithm specified in this document does not mitigate (and does not intend to). Please see [RFC7844] for a comprehensive discussion of how DHCPv6 may affect user privacy. 3. Method Specification Implementations should provide the means for a system administrator to enable or disable the use of this algorithm for generating IPv6 addresses. A DHCPv6 server implementing this specification must select the IPv6 addresses to be leased with the following algorithm: 1. Compute a random (but stable) identifier with the expression: RID = F(Prefix | Client_DUID | IAID | Counter | secret_key) Where: RID: Random (but stable) Identifier Gont & Liu Informational [Page 4]
RFC 7943 Stable and Opaque IIDs with DHCPv6 September 2016 F(): A Pseudorandom Function (PRF) that must not be computable from the outside (without knowledge of the secret key). F() must also be difficult to reverse, such that it resists attempts to obtain the secret key, even when given samples of the output of F() and knowledge or control of the other input parameters. F() should produce an output of at least 64 bits. F() could be implemented as a cryptographic hash of the concatenation of each of the function parameters. The default algorithm to be employed for F() should be SHA-256 [FIPS-SHS]. An implementation may provide the means for selecting other algorithms. Note: Message Digest 5 (MD5) [RFC1321] is considered unacceptable for F() [RFC6151]. Prefix: The prefix employed for the local subnet, as a 128-bit unsigned integer in network byte order (with the unused bits set to 0). If multiple servers operate on the same network to provide increased availability, all such DHCPv6 servers must be configured with the same Prefix. It is the administrator's responsibility that the aforementioned requirement is met. |: An operator representing "concatenation". Client_DUID: The DHCPv6 Unique Identifier (DUID) value contained in the Client Identifier option received in the DHCPv6 client message. The DUID can be treated as an array of 8-bit unsigned integers. IAID: The Identity Association Identifier (IAID) value contained in the IA_NA option received in the client message. It must be interpreted as a 32-bit unsigned integer in network byte order. secret_key: A secret key configured by the DHCPv6 server administrator, which must not be known by the attacker. It must be encoded as an array of 8-bit unsigned integers. An implementation of this specification must provide an interface for viewing and changing the secret key. All DHCPv6 servers leasing addresses from the same address range must employ the same secret key. Gont & Liu Informational [Page 5]
RFC 7943 Stable and Opaque IIDs with DHCPv6 September 2016 Counter: A 32-bit unsigned integer in network byte order that is employed to resolve address conflicts. It must be initialized to 0. 2. A candidate IPv6 address (IPV6_ADDR) to be leased is obtained by concatenating as many bits as necessary from the RID value computed in the previous step (starting from the least significant bit) to the Prefix employed in the equation above, as follows: IPV6_ADDR = IPV6_ADDR_LOW + RID % (IPV6_ADDR_HI - IPV6_ADDR_LOW + 1) where: IPV6_ADDR: The candidate IPv6 address to be leased. IPV6_ADDR_HI: An IPv6 address specifying the upper boundary of the IPv6 address pool from which the DHCPv6 server leases IPv6 addresses. If an address range is not explicitly selected, IPV6_ADDR_HI must be set to the IPv6 address from the Prefix (see the expression above) that has all of the bits of the Interface Identifier set to 1. IPV6_ADDR_LOW: An IPv6 address specifying the lower boundary of the IPv6 address pool from which the DHCPv6 server leases IPv6 addresses. If an address range is not explicitly selected, IPV6_ADDR_LOW must be set to the IPv6 address from the Prefix (see the expression above) that has all of the bits of the Interface Identifier set to 0. 3. The Interface Identifier of the selected IPv6 address must be compared against the reserved IPv6 Interface Identifiers [RFC5453] [IANA-RESERVED-IID]. In the event that an unacceptable identifier has been generated, the Counter variable should be incremented by 1, and a new IPv6 address should be computed with the updated Counter value. 4. If the resulting address is not available (e.g., there is a conflicting binding), the DHCPv6 server should increment the Counter variable, and a new Interface Identifier and IPv6 address should be computed with the updated Counter value. Gont & Liu Informational [Page 6]
RFC 7943 Stable and Opaque IIDs with DHCPv6 September 2016 This document requires that SHA-256 be the default function to be used for F(), such that (all other configuration parameters being the same) different implementations of this specification result in the same IPv6 addresses. Including the Prefix in the PRF computation causes the Interface Identifier to be different for each address from a different prefix leased to the same client. This mitigates the correlation of activities of multihomed nodes (since each of the corresponding addresses will employ a different Interface Identifier), host tracking (since the network prefix, and therefore the resulting Interface Identifier, will change as the node moves from one network to another), and any other attacks that benefit from predictable Interface Identifiers [RFC7721]. As required by [RFC3315], an IAID is associated with each of the client's network interfaces and is consistent across restarts of the DHCPv6 client. The Counter parameter provides the means to intentionally cause this algorithm to produce different IPv6 addresses (all other parameters being the same). This can be of use to resolve address conflicts (e.g., the resulting address having a conflicting binding). Note that the result of F() in the algorithm above is no more secure than the secret key. If an attacker is aware of the PRF that is being used by the DHCPv6 server (which we should expect), and the attacker can obtain enough material (i.e., addresses generated by the DHCPv6 server), the attacker may simply search the entire secret-key space to find matches. To protect against this, the secret key should be of at least 128 bits. Key lengths of at least 128 bits should be adequate. Providing a mechanism to display and change the secret_key is crucial for having different DHCPv6 servers produce the same IPv6 addresses and for causing a replacement system to generate the same IPv6 addresses as the system being replaced. We note that since the privacy of the scheme specified in this document relies on the secrecy of the secret_key parameter, implementations should constrain access to the secret_key parameter to the extent practicable (e.g., require superuser privileges to access it). Furthermore, in order to prevent leakages of the secret_key parameter, it should not be used for any other purposes than being a parameter to the scheme specified in this document. Gont & Liu Informational [Page 7]
RFC 7943 Stable and Opaque IIDs with DHCPv6 September 2016 We note that all of the bits in the resulting Interface Identifiers are treated as "opaque" bits [RFC7136]. For example, the universal/ local bit of Modified EUI-64 format identifiers is treated as any other bit of such identifier. 4. Security Considerations The method specified in this document results in IPv6 Interface Identifiers (and hence IPv6 addresses) that do not follow any specific pattern. Thus, attacks that rely on predictable Interface Identifiers (such as [RFC7707]) are mitigated. The method specified in this document neither mitigates nor exacerbates the security considerations for DHCPv6 discussed in [RFC3315] and does not mitigate a range of other privacy implications associated with DHCPv6. Please read [RFC7844] for a comprehensive assessment of the privacy implications of DHCPv6. Finally, we note that an attacker that is able to attach to each of the links to which the victim attaches would still be able to correlate the activities of the victim across networks. 5. References 5.1. Normative References [RFC3315] Droms, R., Ed., Bound, J., Volz, B., Lemon, T., Perkins, C., and M. Carney, "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)", RFC 3315, DOI 10.17487/RFC3315, July 2003, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3315>. [RFC5453] Krishnan, S., "Reserved IPv6 Interface Identifiers", RFC 5453, DOI 10.17487/RFC5453, February 2009, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5453>. [RFC7136] Carpenter, B. and S. Jiang, "Significance of IPv6 Interface Identifiers", RFC 7136, DOI 10.17487/RFC7136, February 2014, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7136>. 5.2. Informative References [FIPS-SHS] Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS), "Secure Hash Standard (SHS)", FIPS 180-4, August 2015, <http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips180-4/ fips-180-4.pdf>. Gont & Liu Informational [Page 8]
RFC 7943 Stable and Opaque IIDs with DHCPv6 September 2016 [IANA-RESERVED-IID] IANA, "Reserved IPv6 Interface Identifiers", <http://www.iana.org/assignments/ipv6-interface-ids>. [RFC1321] Rivest, R., "The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm", RFC 1321, DOI 10.17487/RFC1321, April 1992, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1321>. [RFC6151] Turner, S. and L. Chen, "Updated Security Considerations for the MD5 Message-Digest and the HMAC-MD5 Algorithms", RFC 6151, DOI 10.17487/RFC6151, March 2011, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6151>. [RFC7031] Mrugalski, T. and K. Kinnear, "DHCPv6 Failover Requirements", RFC 7031, DOI 10.17487/RFC7031, September 2013, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7031>. [RFC7217] Gont, F., "A Method for Generating Semantically Opaque Interface Identifiers with IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC)", RFC 7217, DOI 10.17487/RFC7217, April 2014, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7217>. [RFC7707] Gont, F. and T. Chown, "Network Reconnaissance in IPv6 Networks", RFC 7707, DOI 10.17487/RFC7707, March 2016, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7707>. [RFC7721] Cooper, A., Gont, F., and D. Thaler, "Security and Privacy Considerations for IPv6 Address Generation Mechanisms", RFC 7721, DOI 10.17487/RFC7721, March 2016, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7721>. [RFC7844] Huitema, C., Mrugalski, T., and S. Krishnan, "Anonymity Profiles for DHCP Clients", RFC 7844, DOI 10.17487/RFC7844, May 2016, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7844>. Gont & Liu Informational [Page 9]
RFC 7943 Stable and Opaque IIDs with DHCPv6 September 2016 Acknowledgements This document is based on [RFC7217], authored by Fernando Gont. The authors would like to thank Marc Blanchet, Stephane Bortzmeyer, Tatuya Jinmei, Andre Kostur, Tomek Mrugalski, Hosnieh Rafiee, Jim Schaad, Jean-Francois Tremblay, Tina Tsou, and Bernie Volz for providing valuable comments on earlier draft versions of this documents. The authors would like to thank Ted Lemon, who kindly answered some DHCPv6-related questions, and Nevil Brownlee for his guidance while pursuing this document. Fernando Gont would like to thank Nelida Garcia and Guillermo Gont for their love and support, and Diego Armando Maradona for his magic and inspiration. Authors' Addresses Fernando Gont SI6 Networks / UTN-FRH Evaristo Carriego 2644 Haedo, Provincia de Buenos Aires 1706 Argentina Phone: +54 11 4650 8472 Email: fgont@si6networks.com URI: http://www.si6networks.com Will (Shucheng) Liu Huawei Technologies Bantian, Longgang District Shenzhen 518129 China Email: liushucheng@huawei.com Gont & Liu Informational [Page 10]