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Network Working Group H. Kennedy Request for Comments: 3091 University of Michigan Category: Informational 1 April 2001 Pi Digit Generation Protocol Status of this Memo This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2001). All Rights Reserved. Abstract This memo defines a protocol to provide the Pi digit generation service (PIgen) used between clients and servers on host computers. Introduction This protocol is intended to provide the Pi digit generation service (PIgen), and be used between clients and servers on host computers. Typically the clients are on workstation hosts lacking local Pi support, and the servers are more capable machines with greater Pi calculation capabilities. The essential tradeoff is the use of network resources and time instead of local computational cycles. The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119]. Note All digits supplied by implementations of this service are ASCII [US-ASCII] representations of decimal (base 10) numbers following the decimal point in values or approximations of Pi. There MUST be an implied decimal value of 3 (three) preceding the values provided by the service defined by this protocol. 1. TCP Based Digit Generator Service One REQUIRED PIgen service is defined as a stateless TCP service. A server listens on TCP port 314159. Once a connection is established the server sends a stream of data, one digit of Pi at at time, Kennedy Informational [Page 1]
RFC 3091 Pi Digit Generation Protocol 1 April 2001 starting with the most significant digit following the decimal point. Any incoming data MUST be discarded. This continues until the client closes the connection. The data flow over the connection is limited by the normal TCP flow control mechanisms, so there is no concern about the server sending data faster than the client can process it. Servers MAY use any appropriate method of Pi digit generation to provide this service, including (but not limited to) table lookup [DIGITS], numerical calculation [FIBPI,PIFFT] and statistical sampling [MCM]. However, the method chosen SHOULD provide a precise value for the digits of Pi generated. Implementors of PIgen MUST provide this service to be conditionally compliant with this RFC. 1.1. Approximate Service An OPTIONAL PIgen service is defined as a stateless TCP service. A server listens on TCP port 220007. Once a connection is established the server sends a stream of data, one digit of the rational number 22/7 at a time, starting with the most significant digit following the decimal point. Any incoming data MUST be discarded. This continues until the client closes the connection. 2. UDP Based Digit Generator Service An OPTIONAL PIgen service is defined as a stateless UDP service. A server listens on UDP port 314159. When a datagram requesting a specific digit of Pi is received, an answering datagram is sent containing the value of the requested digit of Pi according to the format defined in sections 2.1.1. and 2.1.2. The requested digit value MAY be determined by any appropriate method of Pi digit generation. RECOMMENDED methods include table lookup [DIGITS], or numerical calculation [BBPPA]. 2.1. Packet Format The datagram-based components of the PIgen protocol suite all share the following UDP data payload formats (defined in the ABNF of RFC 2234 [RFC2234]). Kennedy Informational [Page 2]
RFC 3091 Pi Digit Generation Protocol 1 April 2001 2.1.1. Request Payload Format request = nth_digit nth_digit = 1*DIGIT ; specifying the n-th digit following the ; decimal point 2.1.2. Reply Payload Format reply = nth_digit ":" DIGIT ; where DIGIT is the value of the n-th ; digit following the decimal ; point 2.2. Approximate Service An OPTIONAL PIgen service is defined as a stateless UDP service. A server listens on UDP port 220007. When a datagram requesting a specific digit of the rational number 22/7 is received, an answering datagram is sent containing the value of the requested digit of 22/7 according to the format defined in sections 2.1.1. and 2.1.2. 3. IP Multicast Based Digit Generator Service An OPTIONAL PIgen service is defined as a stateless UDP service. A random distribution of digits of Pi are sent using the payload format described in section 2.1.2. to the IP multicast group 314.159.265.359. There is no request structure. If a server implementing this component of the protocol suite joins the PIgen multicast group and does not detect a server providing digits within 30 seconds, it MAY elect to become the PIgen multicast provider. The PIgen multicast provider generates a random distribution of the digits of Pi and sends them out to the multicast group. PIgen multicast clients build up a coherent value of Pi by listening to the multicast group over time. The randomly selected digit value MAY be determined by any appropriate method of Pi digit generation. RECOMMENDED methods include table lookup [DIGITS], or numerical calculation [BBPPA]. To ensure an adequately random distribution, a proper random number generator should be used, see [RANDOM] for some examples. Kennedy Informational [Page 3]
RFC 3091 Pi Digit Generation Protocol 1 April 2001 4. Service Discovery Clients SHOULD discover PIgen servers via the DNS SRV algorithm [RFC2782]. The service used is "pigen" and the protocols used are "tcp" and "udp". Approximate services (sections 1.1. and 2.2.) should be discovered using a service of "pigem". This allows for central administration of addressing, fallback for failed relays and collectors, and static load balancing. 5. Security Considerations As almost every secure Internet protocol requires a highly accurate value of Pi in order to function correctly, it is imperative that clients only use a trusted PIgen server. The imminent collapse of the Internet is assured if this guideline is not strictly followed. 6. References [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [US-ASCII] Coded Character Set--7-Bit American Standard Code for Information Interchange, ANSI X3.4-1986. [DIGITS] ftp://pi.super-computing.org/pub/pi [FIBPI] Pi and the Fibonacci Numbers http://www.mcs.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/R.Knott/Fibonacci/ fibpi.html [PIFFT] Pi Calculation based on FFT and AGM http://momonga.t.u- tokyo.ac.jp/~ooura/pi_fft.html [MCM] The Monte Carlo Method http://www.daimi.aau.dk/~u951581/pi/MonteCarlo/pimc.html [BBPPA] Bailey-Borwien-Plouffe Pi Algorithm http://www.mathsoft.com/asolve/plouffe/plouffe.html [RFC2234] Crocker, D. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF", RFC 2234, November 1997. [RANDOM] Randomness for Crypto http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~daw/rnd/ [RFC2782] Gulbrandsen, A., Vixie, P. and L. Esibov, "A DNS RR for specifying the location of services (DNS SRV)", RFC 2782, February 2000. Kennedy Informational [Page 4]
RFC 3091 Pi Digit Generation Protocol 1 April 2001 [CHARGEN] Postel, J., "Character Generation Protocol", STD 22, RFC 864, May 1983. 7. Author's Address Hugh Kennedy University of Michigan 2281 Bonisteel Blvd. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2099 USA EMail: kennedyh@engin.umich.edu Kennedy Informational [Page 5]
RFC 3091 Pi Digit Generation Protocol 1 April 2001 Full Copyright Statement Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2001). All Rights Reserved. This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than English. The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns. This document and the information contained herein is provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Acknowledgement Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the Internet Society. Kennedy Informational [Page 6]